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筋田 涼太*; 今井 彩帆里*; 大内 誠*; 青木 裕之; 寺島 崇矢*
Macromolecules, 56(23), p.9738 - 9749, 2023/12
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0(Polymer Science)Constructing ordered ionic nanostructures into bulk polymers and thin films is an important technique to create functional materials, such as polyelectrolytes and proton- and ion-conducting materials, for various applications. Herein, we report microphase separation of cationic homopolymers bearing alkyl ammonium bromides to create sub-4 nm lamellar materials, where an ionic phase is alternatingly layered with a hydrophobic alkyl phase and serves as a channel for water intercalation. We prepared cationic homopolymers with linear or branched alkyl pendants (octyl or 2-ethylhexyl group: C8-eicosyl or 2-octyldodecyl group: C20) via the free radical polymerization of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate (DMAEA), followed by the quaternization of the polyDMAEA with corresponding alkyl bromides. The homopolymers carrying linear hexadecyl, octadecyl, and eicosyl groups were crystalline at room temperature, whereas the others were amorphous. The homopolymers bearing linear alkyl pendants longer than the decyl group or branched alkyl pendants larger than the 2-butyloctyl group formed lamellar structures by the self-assembly of the side chains. The domain spacing can be controlled between 2.5 and 3.7 nm by tuning the pendant structures and are smaller than that formed by the corresponding random copolymers. A cationic homopolymer bearing crystalline octadecyl groups maintained lamellar structures up to 
210 
C far beyond the melting temperature (50 C). The cationic homopolymer further formed a multilayered lamellar thin film on a silicon substrate, in which the cationic layers absorbed water under humid conditions and reversibly released the water therefrom in a N
gas atmosphere.
渡邉 哲平*; 関根 由莉奈; 深澤 倫子*
Macromolecules, 56(16), p.6217 - 6221, 2023/08
被引用回数：1 パーセンタイル：51.7(Polymer Science)ハイドロゲル中での水素同位体の挙動を調べるために、重水素化水を含むポリ-N,N-ジメチルアクリルアミド(PDMAA)ハイドロゲルの脱水過程におけるラマンスペクトルを分析した。結果は、脱水過程において軽水素が優位に蒸発することを示した。ゲル中の重水素モル比は、水分含有量が90.5wt%から5wt%に脱水されると、0.056から0.2に増加した。軽水素と重水素の水素結合の強さの違いにより、重水はハイドロゲル内のポリマーの親水基と優先的に水素結合を形成する。その結果、軽水素は脱水の初期段階で優先的に蒸発し、乾燥ハイドロゲルには重水素化された水が残る。
Hibino, Masayuki*; 高田 慎一; 廣井 孝介; 青木 裕之; 寺島 崇矢*
Macromolecules, 56(8), p.2955 - 2964, 2023/04
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0(Polymer Science)Amphiphilic random copolymers bearing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and alkyl groups as side chains are intermolecularly self-assembled into size-controlled multichain micelles in water. The random copolymer micelles are known to induce the exchange of their polymer chains, whereas the details of the kinetics and mechanism have not been elucidated yet. Herein, we investigated the exchange kinetics and mechanism of the random copolymer chains between their micelles by time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering (TR-SANS). For this purpose, random copolymers carrying PEG and deuterated butyl or dodecyl groups were designed for deuterated micelles. After mixing deuterated and non-deuterated micelle solutions, the resulting mixtures were monitored by TR-SANS at various concentrations and temperatures. The scattering intensity of the micelle mixtures decayed with time, indicating that deuterated copolymers were gradually mixed with non-deuterated copolymers via chain exchange between their micelles to form micelles consisting of both deuterated and non-deuterated copolymers. The kinetic analysis revealed that the exchange of their polymer chains involved two mechanisms: A unimer release and insertion pathway was dominant in diluted conditions, whereas the contribution of a micelle collision pathway increased with increasing total polymer concentration and temperature. The activation energy of the polymer exchange process was dependent on the hydrophobic alkyl groups and larger than that of a related surfactant micelle.
今井 彩帆里*; 荒川 勝利*; 中西 洋平*; 竹中 幹人*; 青木 裕之; 大内 誠*; 寺島 崇矢*
Macromolecules, 55(20), p.9113 - 9125, 2022/10
被引用回数：2 パーセンタイル：27.19(Polymer Science)Microphase separation of copolymers is a key technique to produce polymer bulk materials or thin films with ordered nanostructures for applications in various research fields including nanotechnologies, electronic devices, among many others. Herein, we report water-assisted microphase separation of amphiphilic random copolymers bearing quaternary ammonium cations and hydrophobic alkyl or oleyl groups in the solid state and the thin films. We investigated the effects of sample preparation protocols and the hydrophobic pendants (a butyl group: C4 - octadecyl or oleyl group: C18), composition, and molecular weight of the copolymers on the microphase separation behavior. By annealing under humid conditions, the copolymers bearing alkyl groups longer than an octyl group (C8) formed sub-5 nm lamellar structures comprising cationic layers and hydrophobic layers. Water hardly remained in the resulting lamellar materials under ambient conditions. The domain spacing was controlled between 3.7 and 5.3 nm by tuning the length of the hydrophobic pendants and composition and was independent of the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. The cationic random copolymers carrying amorphous hydrophobic pendants provided transparent or translucent polymer materials containing small lamellar structures. The random copolymers further formed multilayered lamellar thin films on silicon substrates by spin-coating the copolymer solutions, followed by a humid annealing process. The layered lamellae were directly observed as terrace structures with about 4-5 nm steps by atomic force microscopy.
野上 聡*; 門田 和紀*; 内山 博雅*; 有馬 寛*; 岩瀬 裕希*; 富永 大輝*; 山田 武*; 高田 慎一; 柴山 充弘*; 戸塚 裕一*
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 190, p.989 - 998, 2021/11
被引用回数：6 パーセンタイル：39.73(Biochemistry & Molecular Biology)The present study aimed to investigate the thermal-and pH-dependent gelation behavior of gelatin/HPMCP blends using ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry, viscoelasticity, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). We found that the release of lisinopril from gelatin/HPMCP gels can be inhibited at low pH. UV spectrophotometric analysis showed that pH had a significant effect on the transparency of aqueous HPMCP systems and gelatin/ HPMCP gels. The viscoelastic patterns of gelatin/HPMCP at pH 4.6 considerably differed from those of gelatin/ HPMCP at pH 5.2 and 6.0. DLS measurements showed that HPMCP molecules in low concentrations underwent strong aggregation below pH 4.8. Such HPMCP aggregation induces a physical barrier in the matrix structures of the gelatin/HPMCP gels, which inhibits the drug release at pH 1.2. This hydrogel delivery system using polymer blends of gelatin/HPMCP can be used in oral gel formulations with pH-responsive properties.
和泉 篤士*; 首藤 靖幸*; 柴山 充弘*; 吉田 鉄生*; 宮田 登*; 宮崎 司*; 青木 裕之
Macromolecules, 53(10), p.4082 - 4089, 2020/05
被引用回数：7 パーセンタイル：32.71(Polymer Science)The interfacial structure of a hexamethylenetetramine-cured phenolic resin on a silica surface was investigated by the complementary use of X-ray and neutron reflectivity (XRR and NR, respectively). The contrast-variation technique was applied using D
O for the NR analysis in which the coherent neutron scattering length density (SLD) largely changed owing to the DO absorption of the dry phenolic resin and the hydrogen-to-deuterium exchange of phenolic hydroxyl groups. The XRR profile indicated no clear interfacial structure in terms of the mass density, whereas the NR profile indicated the presence of an interfacial nanolayer on the native silica surface according to the SLD. The thickness of the interfacial layer was 1-2 nm, which was independent of the thickness of the bulk resin layer. The formation of the interfacial layer on the silica surface could be caused by preferential adsorption of the novolac resin on the silica surface via strong hydrogen bonding between phenolic units in the novolac resin and silica surface comprising silanol and silyl ether groups resulting in interfacial cross-link inhomogeneity of the phenolic resin on the silica surface in the thickness direction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an experimental elucidation of the buried interfacial structure between the phenolic resins on the silica surface at a nanometer level.
Gupit, C. I.*; Li, X.*; Maekawa, Ryosuke*; Hasegawa, Naoki*; 岩瀬 裕希*; 高田 慎一; 柴山 充弘*
Macromolecules, 53(4), p.1464 - 1473, 2020/02
被引用回数：13 パーセンタイル：54.29(Polymer Science)The present work involved a systematic analysis of both the structural and rheological properties of Nafion dispersions carefully prepared using a standard procedure, ranging from dilute (0.1 wt %) to highly concentrated (30 wt %) conditions. Small-angle X-ray scattering confirmed the cylindrical structure of Nafion in dispersion and the unique interactions of Nafion particles acting as polyelectrolytes. Three different scaling relationships involving the zero-shear viscosities of the Nafion dispersions were determined for specific concentration regimes. However, at the upper concentration limit of approximately 30 wt %, the viscosity greatly deviated from these scaling relationships and significant shear thinning was observed. Simultaneous analyses using rheology and small-angle neutron scattering determined fully isotropic spatial correlations on a length scale of less than 60 nm, even when high shear was applied.
首藤 靖幸*; 和泉 篤士*; 萩田 克美*; 山田 武*; 柴田 薫; 柴山 充弘*
Macromolecules, 51(16), p.6334 - 6343, 2018/08
被引用回数：11 パーセンタイル：40.86(Polymer Science)The dynamics of methanol confined in highly cross-linked phenolic resins was investigated using incoherent quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) and atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The QENS analysis for adeuterated phenolic resin and both deuterated and nondeuterated methanol indicated the presence of resin dynamics induced by methanol invasion and confined diffusion of the methanol molecules. QENS results suggested that methanol had a diffusion coefficient of 1.6 
10
cm
/s, which is 1 order of magnitude smaller than the bulk value (2.3 10
cm/s. The MD trajectories also showed that the methanol diffusion was limited by the resin network, consistent with QENS results in terms of the diffusion coefficient and diffusion-like behavior.
田代 孝二*; 日下 勝弘*; 細谷 孝明*; 大原 高志; 塙坂 真*; 吉澤 功徳*; 山元 博子*; 新村 信雄*; 田中 伊知朗*; 栗原 和男*; et al.
Macromolecules, 51(11), p.3911 - 3922, 2018/06
被引用回数：5 パーセンタイル：18.18(Polymer Science)The crystal structure of polydiacetylene giant single crystal has been analyzed on the basis of the two different methods of wide-angle neutron diffraction and X-ray diffraction. The X-ray result gives us the total electron density distribution. The neutron result tells the positions of atomic nuclei. As a result, the so-called bonded (or deformed) electron density, i.e., the electron density distribution due to the conjugation among the covalently bonded atoms along the polymer chain, can be estimated using the two information. The present report is the first example of the application of X-N method to the synthetic polymer species.
-butadiene) rubbers山口 大輔; 湯浅 毅*; 曽根 卓男*; 冨永 哲雄*; 能田 洋平*; 小泉 智*; 橋本 竹治*
Macromolecules, 50(19), p.7739 - 7759, 2017/10
被引用回数：14 パーセンタイル：48.82(Polymer Science)スチレン-ブタジエンランダム共重合体におけるフィラー粒子の空間分布を解明した。中性子小角散乱実験の結果、本共重合体中におけるフィラーは5つの構造レベルからなる階層構造を形成していることが判明した。
元川 竜平; 谷口 竜王*; 熊田 高之; 飯田 優羽*; 青柳 翔太*; 佐々木 祐亮*; 桑折 道済*; 岸川 圭希*
Macromolecules, 49(16), p.6041 - 6049, 2016/08
被引用回数：19 パーセンタイル：58.6(Polymer Science)We present a method for fabricating photonic crystals (PCs) by polymerization-induced microphase separation of block copolymers (BCPs). Molecular weight of BCP for PCs is so large that it has been difficult for conventional solution casting and annealing methods to complete the microphase separation to form periodically-ordered submicron structures. Our method overcomes the difficulty by inducing the micro phase separation and transitions during the polymerization, when the molecular weight of the BCPs is small enough for the microphase separation and transitions. The microphase-separated structure is then enlarged while maintaining the self-similarity. We succeeded in fabricating PCs with reflection wavelength 
m 
1000 nm and a full width at half maximum = 0.05 m by living-radical bulk block-copolymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-polystyrene.
Ghobadi, A. F.*; Letteri, R.*; Parelkar, S. S.*; Zhao, Y.; Chan-Seng, D.*; Emrick, T.*; Jayaraman, A.*
Biomacromolecules, 17(2), p.546 - 557, 2016/02
被引用回数：15 パーセンタイル：55.55(Biochemistry & Molecular Biology)We report the effect of embedding zwitterionic sulfobetaine (SB) groups in cationic comb polymers on polymer-DNA binding complexes (polyplexes), using a combination of experiments and molecular simulations. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) produced comb polymers with tetralysine (K4) and SB pendent groups. Dynamic light scattering, zeta potential measurements, and fluorescence-based experiments, together with coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, described the effect of SB groups on the size, shape, surface charge, composition, and DNA binding strength of polyplexes formed using these comb polymers. Experiments and simulations showed that increasing SB composition in the comb polymers decreased polymer-DNA binding strength, while the SB groups distributed throughout the polyplex. This allows polyplexes to maintain a positive surface charge and provide high levels of gene expression in live cells.
Tran Duy, T.*; 澤田 真一; 長谷川 伸; 吉村 公男; 大場 洋次郎*; 大沼 正人*; 勝村 庸介*; 前川 康成
Macromolecules, 47(7), p.2373 - 2383, 2014/04
被引用回数：30 パーセンタイル：70.08(Polymer Science)X線小角及び超小角散乱解析を用いて、ポリエチレンテトラフルオロエチレン共重合体(ETFE)基材を用いたグラフト型電解質膜(ETFE-PEM)の階層構造を検討した。イオン交換容量(IEC)2.4mmol/g以下のETFE-PEMは、ラメラ結晶の周りに相間距離21.8-29.1nmの導電性のグラフト領域、相間距離218-320nmと903-1124nmの結晶配向領域を有していた。IECが2.7mmol/g以上では、相間距離225-256nmの結晶ネットワーク領域からなる新しい相が形成され、IEC2.4-2.7mmol/gの間で、相転移現象が起こることを見出した。以上の結果により、高IECのETFE-PEMの高いプロトン伝導度は、結晶領域の周り存在する連結したイオンチャンネルに由来し、高い機械強度は残存するラメラ結晶と結晶粒に由来するとの結論を得た。
-poly(methyl methacrylate) with Pd nanoparticlesZhao, Y.; 西条 賢次*; 橋本 竹治
Macromolecules, 46(3), p.957 - 970, 2013/02
被引用回数：7 パーセンタイル：22.66(Polymer Science)We studied how the palladium nanoparticles, (Pd)
s, incorporated into poly(styrene)--poly(methyl methacylate) (PS-
-PMMA) block copolymer (bcp), alter its order-disorder transition (ODT). The (Pd)s were incorporated into the lamellar template of PS--PMMA by the thermal reduction of palladium acetylacetonate, dissolved uniformly in the bcp in the disordered state. The ODT behavior of the neat bcp and the nanocomposites are investigated by small angle X-ray scattering as a function of temperature. We found the incorporation of a very small amount of (Pd)s significantly increased the ODT temperature by about 8
C, which is due to the stronger attractive interactions of (Pd)s with PS block chains than with PMMA block chains, which increases the net effective segregation power between PS and PMMA block chains and hence stabilizes the ordered lamellae.
元川 竜平; 谷口 竜王*; 佐々木 祐亮*; 榎本 勇人*; 村上 史泰*; 春谷 昌克*; 桑折 道済*; 中平 隆幸*
Macromolecules, 45(23), p.9435 - 9444, 2012/11
被引用回数：9 パーセンタイル：30.22(Polymer Science)We have investigated the origin of a specific polymerization locus that yielded copolymer particles with a bimodal gel permeation chromatographic profile in the early stage of miniemulsion polymerization of styrene (St) with C
DMAEMA. The formation of particles by miniemulsion polymerization using CDMAEMA was investigated as a function of the polymerization time (
), and was compared with that using the non-polymerizable surfactant CTAB. GPC and elemental analysis indirectly predicted two different polymerization loci in the St/CDMAEMA/V50 polymerization system. Time-resolved SANS was used to directly observe and examine the specific polymerization loci in the miniemulsion polymerization solutions. The droplets formed in St/CDMAEMA/V50/PSt hydrophobe at the initial stage of the polymerization were not fully stabilized by CDMAEMA and poly(CDMAEMA-ran-St), and were found to build up the large aggregates. The spherical droplets were stabilized later in tp 
20 min by forming a homogeneous dispersion in the water phase. Porod analysis of the power law scattering observed by SANS provided direct evidence for the specific polymerization loci, which appeared in the early stage of the polymerization system of St/CDMAEMA/V50/PSt hydrophobe on the surface of the droplet, and was the origin of the bimodal peaks in the GPC chromatogram.
range岩瀬 裕希*; 澤田 真一; 八巻 徹也; 小泉 智; 大沼 正人*; 前川 康成
Macromolecules, 45(22), p.9121 - 9127, 2012/11
被引用回数：19 パーセンタイル：50.58(Polymer Science)燃料電池用高分子電解質膜の発電性能,耐熱性,機械特性の向上には、電解質特性を支配するナノ-マイクロメートルに及ぶ階層構造を明確にすることが重要である。そこで、放射線グラフト重合法を利用して作製したグラフト型電解質膜の中で、導電率,機械特性や発電性能が詳細に調べられている架橋テフロンからなる電解質膜について、中性子及びX線小角散乱(SANS, SAXS)を測定した結果、グラフト鎖からなるイオンチャンネルは、48-57nmのラメラ周期、直径480nmのラメラ結晶、及び1.7nmのイオンチャンネル内のスルホン酸の会合に対応する階層構造を有することがわかった。さらに、散乱プロファイルのグラフト率依存性より、ラメラ内部の非晶相に局所的にグラフト相(イオンチャンネル)が形成するため、低いグラフト率で高い伝導性を示すことが判明した。
form on the basis of the 2-dimensional wide-angle synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction measurementsWasanasuk, K.*; 田代 孝二*; 塙坂 真*; 大原 高志*; 栗原 和男; 黒木 良太; 玉田 太郎; 尾関 智二*; 金元 哲夫*
Macromolecules, 44(16), p.6441 - 6452, 2011/07
被引用回数：186 パーセンタイル：98.62(Polymer Science)ポリL乳酸型の結晶構造を、超延伸試料 を用いて、2次元広角X線(WAXD)及び中性子(WAND)回折によって詳しく解析した。WAXDデータは、SPring-8において波長0.328
の高エネルギーX線ビームを用いて、WANDデータはJRR-3に設置されたBIX3において波長1.510の中性子ビームを用いて収集された。結晶構造の初期モデルは-150Cで観測された約700のX線反射を用いて、空間群を
2
22と仮定した直接法によって決定された。直接法によって得られた結晶構造モデルは、
値が-150Cで18.2%、25Cで23.2%となるまで精密化された。得られた分子鎖のコンフォメーションは、鎖軸に沿った2のらせん対称を有する歪んだ(10/3)らせん型をとっていた。しかしながら、幾つかの禁制反射が00l反射において検出され、分子鎖に沿った2のらせん対称を消去することが必要であった。そこで、空間群を2と仮定することにより構造精密化を進めた結果、最終的に得られた値は-150Cで19.3%、25Cで19.4%であった。2のらせん対称の構造偏差はわずかで、すべての層線において精密化されたモデルは観測された反射プロファイルをよく再現することがわかった。得られたX線結晶構造を用いた中性子(WAND)解析を実施した結果、観測された92の反射において値は25Cで23.0%であり、層線プロファイルの実測値と計算値はよく一致した。
寺島 崇矢*; 元川 竜平; 小泉 智*; 澤本 光男*; 上垣外 正己*; 安藤 剛*; 橋本 竹治*
Macromolecules, 43(19), p.8218 - 8232, 2010/10
被引用回数：42 パーセンタイル：77.5(Polymer Science)
and time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) was employed for the elucidation of star polymer formation mechanism via linking reaction of living linear polymers in ruthenium-catalyzed living radical polymerization. Here, methyl methacrylate (MMA) was first polymerized with R-Cl/RuCl(PPh
)/tribuylamine (
-BuN) initiating system, followed by the addition of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA: 3) as a linking agent. After the in situ addition of a small amount of 3 to living linear PMMA, the SANS analysis revealed the following three steps: (process II-1) formation of block copolymers (4) and competitive formation of the small star polymers via the linking reaction of 4 and 4; (process II-2) star-star linking of the small star polymers into star polymers and putting 4 into the core of the star polymers, leading to formation of the microgel-core star polymers; (process II-3) growth of the microgelcore star polymers (5) via placement of 4 into the microgel-core star polymers. Furthermore, the SANS profiles, obtained as a function of polymerization time, were quantitatively analyzed with a core-shell spherical model in order to determine the microstructures of the star polymers: The final reaction product had an average radius of microgel-core ( 1 nm), and average arm numbers N 17.
Zhao, Y.; 宮元 展義*; 小泉 智; 橋本 竹治
Macromolecules, 43(6), p.2948 - 2959, 2010/04
A simultaneous living anionic copolymerization of a concentrated solution of deuterated styrene (S) and nondeuterated isoprene (I) monomers in deuterated benzene as a solvent was studied by a combination of time-resolved measurements of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis). The molecular building-up process and its consequence on the bottom-up self-assembling process during the copolymerization reaction were observed on three different length scales on the same batch of the solution, which enabled us to explore simultaneously the time changes in the local structure (living chain ends), the primary structure (propagating chains), and the higher order structure (microdomains). We found that the copolymerization process was divided into two time regions, defined by regions I and II. In region I, the copolymerization of S and I monomers took place, and all I monomers were consumed at the end of region I. In the early stage of region I (region I
), the SANS profiles were almost time-independent and exhibited no scattering maximum, whereas in the late stage of region I (region I
), a scattering maximum appeared at 
m and hardly changed with time, although the maximum intensity 
slightly increased with time. In region II, pure polystyrene (PS) block chains were formed. The polymerization-induced disorder-order transition (ODT) and order-order transition (OOT) were observed.
-poly(
-isopropylacrylamide); Elucidation of specific reaction fields for quasi-living polymerization by time-resolved SANS元川 竜平; 小泉 智*; 橋本 竹治*; 安中 雅彦*; 中平 隆幸*
Macromolecules, 43(2), p.752 - 764, 2010/01
被引用回数：18 パーセンタイル：50.14(Polymer Science)Poly(ethylene glycol)--poly(-isopropylacrylamide) (PEG--PNIPAAm) was synthesized by radical polymerization of -isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) from the radically activated chain ends generated on PEG. The polymerization process was investigated by a conventional observation of molecular weight and its distribution as well as monomer conversion, 
(), as a function of the polymerization time and temperature 
, by means of time-resolved GPC. The reaction fields in which the polymerization takes place were explored by time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The results elucidated the following characteristics on the temperature-dependence of the solution structure and, hence, the reaction fields: (1) at 15 
(C) 30, the solution is composed of swollen micelles in which PNIPAAmand PEG block chains form swollen cores and brushes emanating from the interface between them, respectively; and (2) at 34 (C) 60, the solution is composed of dehydrated PNIPAAm cores (hard cores) and swollen PEG brushes with well-defined interfaces between them. As for (1) and (2), the micelles were formed from a very early stage of the polymerization as being as small as 0.05, hence, yielding a "soap-free emulsion polymerization" field for NIPAAm. The results obtained in this work reveal that the hard-core micelle formation is the necessary and sufficient condition for the "quasi-living soap-free emulsion polymerization.
